Compressors, Steam & Gas Turbines – Design, Operations & Maintenance

OBJECTIVES:

• familiarize with basic gas laws governing plant operation
• familiarize with the performance and operational aspects of gas and steam turbines and different types of compressor as used in petro-chemical plants.
• be presented with an understanding of the control and protection systems.
• be presented the understanding of auxiliary equipment and systems necessary for continual operation of plant machinery.
• be able to calculate the effects of changes upon machine performance.

PROGRAMME DETAILS:

• Introduction to course
• Overview of a typical systems covering generation, transmission and distribution
• Determination of flow of real (P) and reactive power (Q)
• Determination and control of fault level
• Control of reactive power & voltage
• Control of active power & system frequency
• The requirements for reactive compensation – voltage profiles
• Quality of supply

• Current Operational Problems
• Coping with rising demand for power – transmission and distribution
• The costs associated with increasing fault level
• Catering for increasing load on the existing system – ratings of plant
• Monitoring of plant condition – e.g. temperature
• A review of analytical methods & demonstration of software for optimising system operation
• Increasing problems of heavily loaded systems. – stability, voltage dips
• Active Power and Frequency Control - automated
• Voltage Control and Reactive Power Requirements – automated
• Generation, including combined cycle and small embedded generators
• Transmission voltage levels - line and cable design, power loading and de-rating for temperature effects

• Emerging technologies
• Energy and the Environment - solar power, geothermal power, etc. CO2 and its impact on the world
• ‘Green’ generation? Is it possible on a large scale or are there stability problems?
• Demand Side Management – remote load control – minimising demand –optimising transmission – coping with dips and swells
• Optical Current Transducers for Protection
• Optical Current Sensors Eliminate CT Saturation - accuracy
• High Voltage Applications - Surge protection, current limiters network switching, etc
• Non linear loads – harmonics at PCC – filtering – G5/4 requirements

• Advances in control and monitoring
• Power Electronics Applied to Power Systems
• Flexibility in AC Systems
• Static Var Compensation
• Series Controlled Capacitors
• Changing maintenance schedules, remote surveillance of plant and the introduction of unmanned substations
• Data logging
• HC-DC Links for stability improvement
• Power Dynamics Management – the low frequency oscillation
• Advanced protection and Control Techniques
• Is - Fault Current Limiter – how to apply
• GIS diagnostics – partial discharge techniques
• Optical cable temperature monitoring
• SCADA and artificial intelligence systems for fault diagnostics

• System protection
• Digital and Micro Processor Protection
• Electrical Insulation - Air and SF6 - the problems
• Condition Monitoring of Plant
• Appendix - Characteristics of a Power Network - Review for the Future
• Case studies and simulation